Yeast Infection Causes, Symptoms, And Treatment

Yeast infections are a common health issue that affects millions of people worldwide, particularly women. While often associated with vaginal infections, yeast infections can occur in various parts of the body, including the mouth, skin, and gastrointestinal tract. The medical term for a yeast infection is candidiasis, caused by an overgrowth of the Candida fungus, most commonly Candida albicans. Despite being a frequent condition, many people may feel discomfort or confusion about recognising, preventing, and treating yeast infections.

Yeast infection

A yeast infection occurs when the natural balance of yeast and bacteria in the body is disrupted, allowing yeast cells to multiply uncontrollably. Candida is a type of fungus that lives on the skin and inside the body, particularly in the mouth, throat, gut, and vagina, without causing any harm under normal conditions. However, when the environment inside the body changes due to factors like antibiotic use, hormonal changes, or a weakened immune system, the Candida fungus can grow excessively, leading to infection.

Yeast infections are most commonly known for affecting the vaginal area, but they can also manifest in other parts of the body:

• • Vaginal yeast infection: This is the most common type of yeast infection and affects the vaginal area.
  • Oral thrush: A yeast infection of the mouth or throat, usually seen in infants, older adults, or those with weakened immune systems.
  • Skin yeast infection: This can occur in warm, moist areas of the body, such as under the breasts, in the groin, or between the toes.
  • Diaper rash: A type of yeast infection that occurs in infants due to the warm and moist environment created by diapers.
  • Systemic candidiasis: This is a serious, life-threatening infection that occurs when Candida spreads throughout the body, typically affecting individuals with compromised immune systems.

1) Causes of yeast infection

Several factors contribute to the overgrowth of yeast, leading to infection. The balance between beneficial bacteria and yeast is delicate, and various conditions can upset this balance, causing Candida to multiply.

• • • • Antibiotics

The most common cause of yeast infections is the use of antibiotics. Antibiotics kill not only harmful bacteria but also beneficial bacteria that help control yeast growth. When these beneficial bacteria are wiped out, Candida can grow unchecked, leading to infection. Women who take antibiotics for a bacterial infection, particularly for extended periods, are at an increased risk of developing a vaginal yeast infection.

• • • • Hormonal changes

Hormonal fluctuations, particularly in women, can significantly increase the risk of developing yeast infections. This is why yeast infections are more common during pregnancy, menstruation, or while taking hormone-based contraceptives. The increased levels of estrogen during these times create an environment conducive to yeast overgrowth.

Pregnancy, in particular, raises the risk of vaginal yeast infections due to the hormonal changes and increased vaginal discharge. Similarly, women taking hormone replacement therapy or high-dose oestrogen birth control pills may be at higher risk.

• • • Weakened immune system

A weakened immune system, whether due to illness or medication, can lead to yeast infections. People with conditions such as HIV/AIDS, diabetes, or cancer are more susceptible to recurrent yeast infections because their immune systems cannot effectively control Candida growth. Additionally, those undergoing chemotherapy or taking immunosuppressive medications after organ transplants may experience frequent yeast infections.

• • • Diabetes

Uncontrolled diabetes is another risk factor for yeast infections. High blood sugar levels provide an ideal environment for Candida growth. When blood sugar levels are not well-regulated, the excess sugar in vaginal secretions or other areas of the body creates conditions that promote yeast overgrowth.

• • • High sugar diet

Diets high in sugar and refined carbohydrates can contribute to yeast infections. Candida feeds on sugar, so consuming excessive amounts of sugary foods or drinks can lead to an imbalance in the body, causing the fungus to grow more rapidly.

• • • Tight clothing and moist environments

Wearing tight or restrictive clothing, particularly non-breathable materials like nylon, can trap heat and moisture against the skin, creating an ideal environment for yeast growth. Similarly, leaving on wet swimsuits or workout clothes for extended periods can contribute to the development of yeast infections.

• • • Sexual activity

While yeast infections are not considered a sexually transmitted infection, sexual activity can contribute to their development. Yeast infections may occur after sexual intercourse due to the introduction of new bacteria or irritation to the vaginal area. Additionally, certain lubricants, condoms, or spermicide-treated products may disrupt the natural balance of bacteria and yeast in the vagina, increasing the risk of infection.

• • • Poor hygiene

While excessive washing or using harsh soaps can cause irritation and lead to yeast infections, poor hygiene can also play a role in their development. For instance, failure to change out of damp clothing, improper drying after bathing, or not changing sanitary products frequently can create a warm, moist environment where yeast thrives.

2) Symptoms of yeast infection

The symptoms of yeast infections can vary depending on the area of the body affected, but they often cause significant discomfort. Recognizing these symptoms is essential to seek prompt treatment.

• • • Vaginal yeast infection

The most common type of yeast infection is vaginal candidiasis, and its symptoms include:

– Itching and irritation: Vaginal itching, burning, or irritation is one of the hallmark symptoms of a yeast infection. The discomfort can range from mild to severe.

– Thick, white discharge: Many women with a vaginal yeast infection experience a thick, white, cottage cheese-like discharge that is odourless.

– Redness and swelling: The vaginal and vulvar areas may become red, swollen, or sore.

– Burning sensation: A burning feeling may occur during urination or intercourse due to irritation of the vaginal tissues.

– Painful intercourse: Some women may experience discomfort or pain during sexual activity.

• • • Oral thrush

Oral thrush is a yeast infection that affects the mouth and throat. Its symptoms include:

– White patches: Creamy white patches on the tongue, inner cheeks, gums, or tonsils.

– Soreness: The infected areas may become sore, making it painful to eat or swallow.

– Cracked corners of the mouth: Cracks or sores may develop in the corners of the mouth, known as angular cheilitis.

– Loss of taste: A yeast infection in the mouth may also lead to a loss of taste or an unpleasant taste in the mouth.

• • • Skin yeast infection

A yeast infection on the skin, known as cutaneous candidiasis, typically occurs in moist areas of the body. Symptoms include:

– Rash: A red, itchy rash often develops in areas like the armpits, groin, or under the breasts.

– Blisters or pustules: In some cases, small blisters or pustules may appear in the affected areas.

– Cracking or scaling skin: The skin may become cracked, sore, or scaly as the infection progresses.

• • • Systemic candidiasis

Systemic candidiasis is a severe and potentially life-threatening infection that occurs when Candida enters the bloodstream. Symptoms of this infection can be widespread and include fever, chills, and organ failure. Systemic candidiasis is more common in people with weakened immune systems, and it requires immediate medical attention.

3) Treatment of yeast Infection

Fortunately, yeast infections are typically easy to treat with antifungal medications. Treatment options vary depending on the location and severity of the infection.

• • • Over-the-counter anti-fungal medications

For mild to moderate yeast infections, over-the-counter anti-fungal creams, ointments, suppositories, or oral tablets are often effective. These medications contain antifungal agents like miconazole or clotrimazole, which work by killing the yeast cells.

OTC antifungal treatments are available in different forms and durations, such as one-day, three-day, or seven-day treatments. Vaginal yeast infections can often be treated with OTC anti-fungal creams or suppositories applied directly to the affected area.

• • • Prescription anti-fungal medications

In cases where over-the-counter treatments are ineffective, or if the infection is severe or recurrent, a healthcare provider may prescribe stronger antifungal medications. Prescription options include:

– Fluconazole: This is an oral anti-fungal medication that is often prescribed for vaginal yeast infections or more severe infections. A single dose of fluconazole is usually sufficient, but more prolonged treatment may be required for recurrent infections.

– Topical anti-fungals: For yeast infections on the skin, prescription-strength creams or ointments may be recommended to treat the infection more effectively.

• • • Probiotics

Some research suggests that probiotics, particularly strains like Lactobacillus acidophilus, may help prevent or treat yeast infections by promoting the growth of beneficial bacteria in the gut and vagina. Probiotics are available in supplement form or found naturally in foods like yogurt and fermented products.

• • • Home remedies

While home remedies should not replace medical treatment, some people find relief from yeast infection symptoms using natural remedies. Common home remedies for yeast infections include:

– Coconut oil: Coconut oil has anti-fungal properties and may be applied to the affected area for relief.

– Tea tree oil: Tea tree oil is another natural anti-fungal, but it should be diluted with a carrier oil to avoid irritation when applied to sensitive areas.

– Boric acid: Boric acid suppositories are sometimes used for treating recurrent yeast infections, particularly those caused by non-albicans  species of Candida. However, boric acid can be toxic if ingested and should only be used under medical supervision.

4) Prevention of yeast infection

Preventing yeast infections involves maintaining a healthy balance of bacteria and yeast in the body. The following tips can help reduce the risk of developing a yeast infection:

– Wear breathable fabrics: Opt for cotton underwear and loose-fitting clothing to keep the vaginal area dry and prevent moisture buildup.

– Avoid scented products: Steer clear of scented soaps, douches, and feminine hygiene sprays that can irritate the vaginal area and disrupt the natural balance of bacteria and yeast.

– Maintain proper hygiene: Practice good hygiene by changing out of damp clothes or swimsuits promptly and keeping the genital area clean and dry.

– Control blood sugar levels: If you have diabetes, keeping your blood sugar levels in check can help prevent yeast infections.

– Use probiotics: Eating probiotic-rich foods like yogurt or taking probiotic supplements may help maintain the balance of bacteria and prevent yeast overgrowth.

– Limit antibiotic use: Use antibiotics only when necessary and follow the prescribed dosage to avoid disrupting the body’s natural flora.

Timely intervention is key

Yeast infections are a common yet uncomfortable condition that can affect various parts of the body, including the vagina, mouth, skin, and systemic areas. Understanding the causes, symptoms, and treatment options is crucial for managing and preventing yeast infections. By practicing good hygiene, maintaining a healthy lifestyle, and seeking timely medical treatment, most yeast infections can be successfully treated and prevented from recurring. If you suspect you have a yeast infection, consult a healthcare professional for the appropriate diagnosis and treatment to ensure a swift recovery.